Climate-driven in-situ trait variation in an annual ruderal grass across Europe

Abstract Plant functional traits link environmental conditions to plant performance and adaptation. Growing evidence shows that in-situ intraspecific trait variation can be as important as differences between species, yet large intraspecific datasets measured in situ are rare. While most studies focused on plant morphological traits, contents of elemental nutrients in the seeds received much less attention so far. We conducted a large-scale in-situ study of the widespread ruderal grass Hordeum murinum . We sampled 2070 individuals from 207 populations from a large part of the native range in Europe and Northern Africa. In-situ, we measured seed ripening phenology and morphological traits, and analyzed the content of elemental nutrients in the seeds. We found that Hordeum murinum grew larger, produced seeds later, and had heavier seeds in colder and wetter areas. Plants in denser vegetation were taller with heavier seeds but formed fewer spikes. Seed nutrient content generally declined with seed weight and was mainly driven by climate. Soil conditions had only minor effects on plant traits and seed nutrients. Population identity explained much of the variation, indicating a possible genetic component. Synthesis : Our findings provide a comprehensive view of Hordeum murinum responding to environmental gradients across its European distribution. Climatic variables, especially temperature, are key drivers for reproductive success and seed nutrient content, while local environments, such as biotic pressures, are more critical for growth-related traits. These patterns indicate that H. murinum modulates its growth and reproductive investment along environmental gradients, balancing phenology, stress tolerance, and limited competitive capacity.