The Heat shock protein 70 machinery is crucial in the production of infectious chikungunya virus progeny

Abstract Over the past decades, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a re-emerging arthropod-borne alphavirus, has caused outbreaks in many (sub)tropical regions, but also in more temperate regions of the world, including Europe. CHIKV poses a significant health burden due to high infection rates during epidemics, symptom progression into chronic arthritic manifestations, and the lack of specific antiviral treatments. Multiple studies have shown that several viruses rely on host molecular chaperones, particularly the central Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), for replication. Hsp70s are guided by co-chaperones that drive their functionality and specificity. Here, we used chemical inhibitors of Hsp70-co-chaperone interactions to study the role of this molecular chaperone machinery in CHIKV replication. Our findings revealed that Hsp70 inhibition significantly reduces the CHIKV infectious particle production without affecting host-cell viability. Inhibition of the Hsp70-co-chaperone interaction primarily impedes the post-RNA replication stages of the CHIKV infectious cycle, affecting viral protein expression and reducing both the number and infectivity of released virions. Moreover, Hsp70 inhibition displayed antiviral activity in skin explants. Together, these results suggest that targeting the Hsp70 network could be a viable antiviral strategy against CHIKV infections. Author summary As obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses rely entirely on the machinery of the host cell to produce new viral particles. In our study, we investigated whether a specific group of host proteins, known as molecular chaperones, is important for the replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging mosquito-borne virus that can cause long-lasting joint pains and lacks specific antiviral treatments. We focused on one key family of molecular chaperones, called Heat shock protein 70s (Hsp70s), which supports protein folding and quality control in cells. We used chemical compounds to block Hsp70 function and observed that CHIKV replication was strongly reduced, while host cells remained healthy. We found that Hsp70 is especially important in the later stages of the virus life cycle, where it helps produce viral proteins and new infectious virus particles. When Hsp70 was blocked, fewer and less infectious virus particles were produced. We also showed that this effect holds true in biopsies of mouse skin tissue, which mimics the initial site of infection. These findings identify Hsp70 as an important host factor for CHIKV that may serve as a potential target for new antiviral therapies.