Elucidating redox-driven inhibition of methanogenesis by an artificial quinone in Methanosarcina barkeri : Integrated proteomic and physiological evidence

Abstract Methanogenesis is a crucial component of Earth’s carbon cycle and a source of methane for biofuel production. The presence of higher energy electron acceptors, such as iron(III) oxides and quinones, is believed to significantly impact methanogenesis. This study investigated the physiological and proteomic responses of the type I Methanosarcina, M. barkeri , to the artificial quinone 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonate disodium (2,7-AQDS), using H 2 /CO 2 as substrates. Our findings revealed that during 2,7-AQDS reduction, cellular growth ceased. The lack of energy conservation was associated with direct inhibition of both methanogenesis and CO 2 utilization, corroborated by a significant downregulation of the enzymes involved in this metabolic pathway. Furthermore, the significant upregulation of specific subunits of the reversible Ech hydrogenase suggests that this enzyme redirects electrons from H 2 towards the most energetically favorable reaction (2,7-AQDS reduction), rather than the reduction of ferredoxin, which is a highly energy-demanding process, essential for initiating the CO 2 reduction pathway. Additionally, it is conceivable that Ech homologues in other hydrogenotrophic methanogens also participate in the reduction of higher energy-yielding electron acceptors. These findings provide novel insights into how quinones, particularly in their oxidized state, directly impact methanogenesis, thereby influencing both artificial and natural methanogenic environments.