The REFLEX system enables in vivo identification of perivascular angiogenic macrophages in the heart

Abstract Direct identification of physically interacting cells in vivo remains challenging because conventional interactome analyses infer signaling partners from transcriptomes and cannot reveal which cells are in direct contact. In pressure-overload induced cardiac remodeling, VEGF-A plays a central role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and cardiac function. However, the cell type which produces VEGF-A and how the VEGF-A peptide is delivered to vascular endothelial cells remains unclear. Here, we developed a genetically encoded platform that combines REFLEX mice with HUNTERuni-seq, enabling unbiased detection and transcriptional profiling of the cells that physically interact with vascular endothelial cells. The REFLEX and HUNTERuni-seq approach identified subpopulations of Vegfa positive macrophages which we named perivascular angiogenic macrophages (PVAMs). Although the amount of VEGF-A in PVAMs is small, loss of VEGF-A in PVAMs impaired angiogenesis and systolic function during pressure overload. We additionally show that direct contact between PVAMs and endothelial cells is critical for the delivery of VEGF-A to endothelial cells. Conventional interactome analysis predicted that cardiomyocytes as dominant sources of VEGF-A in the heart. However, cardiomyocyte Vegfa deletion had no effect on capillary density nor systolic function in a model of heart failure. These results suggest that VEGF-A signaling does not rely on free diffusion through the interstitium and that cellular proximity and physical contact between PVAMs and endothelial cells are the key determinants of effective signal delivery. Together, these findings establish REFLEX and HUNTERuni-seq as a versatile platform for uncovering biologically critical cell-to-cell interactions and provide new insight into intercellular communication in pathological tissue contexts.