Migration genetics link excitatory neurons to ancient selection and economic growth

From ancient nomadic movements to modern urbanization, migration has driven human history through mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We conducted a genome-wide association study of migration distance in 250,000 UK individuals, identifying 20 loci in neurodevelopmental genes with 5% heritability. Migration-related variants are associated with excitatory neuron gene expression and correlate with cognition, risk-tolerance, and reduced interpersonal attachment. Within-family analyses demonstrate genetic effects remain significant after controlling for shared environmental factors between siblings. Our polygenic score predicts inferred mobility in > 1,000 ancient individuals spanning 10,000 years, revealing positive selection on migration alleles that increased substantially over millennia. At the population level, each standard deviation increase in county-level migration polygenic score predicts > $4,000 greater income growth per person in the US. These findings establish migration as a heritable trait and suggest biological pathways connecting individual neurodevelopment with regional prosperity across evolutionary and contemporary timescales.