A dual-phase enhancer couples progenitor maintenance and pancreatic lineage stability

Abstract Enhancers orchestrate transcriptional programs that control organ development and maintain differentiated cell states, yet how individual enhancers integrate developmental and long-term tissue maintenance logic remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a distal enhancer downstream of ptf1a (z3’-DpE) as a regulatory node coupling pancreatic development with acinar cell homeostasis in zebrafish. Deletion of z3’-DpE reduces ptf1a expression in pancreatic multipotent progenitor cells (MPCs), leading to depletion of the progenitor pool, altered morphogenesis, and premature exocrine differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis reveals broad repression of proliferation- and morphogenesis-related genes, including Notch pathway components essential for progenitor maintenance. After differentiation, loss of z3’-DpE contributes to acinar cell loss, expansion of ductal and endocrine compartments, and disrupted pancreatic architecture. Chromatin-accessibility profiling of purified acinar cells reveals that reduced ptf1a activity leads to widespread remodeling of the acinar chromatin landscape, with decreased accessibility at loci associated with acinar identity and developmental programs, and increased accessibility at sites linked to inflammation, epithelial plasticity, and pancreatic cancer susceptibility. Histopathological analysis shows disorganized acinar tissue with increased duct-like structures and mucinous lesions reminiscent of early pancreatic neoplasia. Thus, z3’-DpE safeguards acinar identity by sustaining ptf1a expression and a chromatin landscape that restricts fate instability and pathological plasticity. Our findings demonstrate the mechanistic sufficiency of a single enhancer to coordinate progenitor expansion and long-term lineage stabilization, providing a paradigm for how a developmental regulatory element is redeployed to preserve tissue integrity and suppress disease-associated plasticity.