Maintaining performance under pain is effortful: experimental and computational evidence

Abstract Pain creates a competing demand on attention, though its impact on performance remains debated. Motivational intensity theory predicts that resource reallocation can preserve output until motivational or capacity limits are reached. Forty adults took part in two preregistered experiments. They completed parallel cognitive (choice reaction, n=20) and motor (isometric hand grip, n=20) tasks at three difficulty levels while receiving warm, low, or high pain heat stimulation on the opposite forearm. Across both domains, participants maintained performance despite painful stimulation. This preservation, however, relied on increased effort mobilization: perceived effort rose with pain intensity, while pain perception decreased during motor and cognitive task execution. Trial wise computational modelling revealed that perceived effort was better predicted by subjective pain experience than by stimulus temperature, supporting a compensatory regulatory mechanism. Thus, maintained performance under pain reflects active resource allocation via effort, generalizable across cognitive and motor domains, but achieved at the cost of increased perceived effort.