The gene ivory:mir-193 controls scale type differentiation in Heliconius butterflies

Abstract The ivory:mir-193 locus is a genetic hotspot underlying melanic wing pattern variation across Lepidoptera, acting as a master regulator of melanic scale fate. This includes the genus Heliconius , where aposematic mimicry is driven by three scale cell types: light Type I, dark-melanic Type II, and red Type III scales. We tested functions of ivory:mir-193 in Heliconius using CRISPR-induced somatic mosaic knockouts of ivory and mir-193 across multiple pattern morphs. Knockouts converted Type II scales to Type I scales. Effects on Type III scales varied among and within individuals, indicating that ivory:mir-193 is permissive for Type III development. Using single-nucleus RNA-seq, we profiled the transcriptional landscape of H. melpomene -Δ78k mutants lacking mir-193 . Loss of mir-193 produced readthrough transcription, consistent with a model where miR-193 acts as a co-transcriptional terminator. These data show that ivory drives wing pattern variation, while mir-193 mediates downstream diversity in scale fate across Lepidoptera.