Striatal and frontal signatures of social context and cost-benefit decision making in developmental stuttering

Abstract Developmental stuttering is usually framed as a sensorimotor disorder, yet it manifests in communicative situations that engage motivational, self-referential, and regulatory processes. In this case-control study, we combined a socio-economic decision task outside the scanner with a socially modulated speech task during functional MRI to test how listener presence and self-referential speech shape neural activity in 34 adults who stutter and 32 controls. Both groups valued talking with another person about themselves more than talking with another person about someone else or talking to themselves. On the neural level, listener-directed (vs. private) speech and self-disclosure (vs. guessing the preferences of a famous other) elicited stronger responses in the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex, with no significant group differences in the central listener-directed versus private contrast. Within the stuttering group, individual differences revealed a systematic reweighting of socially modulated activation as a function of symptom burden: higher anticipation of stuttering and greater self-reported impact of stuttering on everyday life were associated with stronger engagement of motivational circuitry, greater recruitment of frontal evaluative-control regions, and reduced contextual differentiation within speech-language cortex. Stuttering anticipation and lived experience gradually shift the balance between control, language, and motivational salience-processing systems, contributing to the disorder’s marked heterogeneity and context sensitivity. These findings indicate system-level signatures of the interaction between social context and symptom severity in developmental stuttering, extending accounts based on sensorimotor deficits. Graphical Abstract Listener presence and self-disclosure give speaking social value. In adults who stutter, the difference in activity between shared (listener-directed) and private speech was modulated by stuttering anticipation. With higher anticipation, this difference increased in the nucleus accumbens (motivational salience) and in medial prefrontal and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (evaluative control), and decreased in inferior frontal and posterior superior temporal cortex (speech-language). This suggests a reweighting of cortico-basal ganglia loops towards limbic and evaluative control circuits and away from speech-language cortex. Created with BioRender.com . ALT TEXT: Graphical abstract showing private and shared speaking scenes linked by a monetary trade-off, and brain views marking accumbens and prefrontal regions with upward arrows and inferior frontal and superior temporal regions with a downward arrow.