Effects of CTCF on the regulatory landscape of the mouse Sox2 locus

Abstract Regulatory elements that control gene transcription are scattered along the genome, yet it is still poorly understood how their precise positioning affects the regulatory landscape. We previously reported a method to relocate a regulatory element to thousands of positions in a genomic locus and probe the position-dependent impact on gene regulation. Here, we apply this approach to systematically query the role and position-dependence of CTCF binding sites (CBSs), which are thought to modulate communication between distal regulatory elements. We focused on the mouse Sox2 locus in embryonic stem cells, where the Sox2 gene is activated by a potent distal enhancer. First, we found that a CBS that is naturally located immediately upstream of the Sox2 promoter endows this promoter with strong orientation-dependent activation, anywhere within the gene–enhancer interval. Second, throughout this interval, insertion of CBSs alone consistently reduces Sox2 expression in an orientation-dependent manner, suggesting a polarity in the loop extrusion process. Third, two native CBSs located within and downstream of the enhancer subtly help to confine the activation realm of the enhancer. Together, these results illuminate the interplay between CBSs and the detailed regulatory landscape of a genomic locus.