Gut microbiota within-host evolution enforces colonization resistance against enteric infection

Abstract Limited resource availability in the gut promotes competitive interactions between bacteria, which drive adaptive within-host evolution ( 1–3 ). While adaptive evolution of bacterial communities has been increasingly studied in the recent years ( 4–7 ), its functional implications for host physiology remain unknown. Here, we show that within-host evolution of the human commensal Enterococcus faecalis boosts colonization resistance to enteric Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S . Typhimurium) infection. During gut colonization, E. faecalis evolves the ability to metabolize fructoselysine, an abundant Amadori rearrangement product generated by thermal food processing. The depletion of this diet-derived nutrient prevents S . Typhimurium colonization by restricting an essential resource. This protective mechanism was conserved across independent mouse colonies and arises via diverse evolutionary trajectories, including nucleotide polymorphisms, gene amplifications, and a horizontal gene transfer event. Additionally, analysis of E. faecalis isolates from human infants revealed that adaptation to fructoselysine availability occurs in a diet-dependent manner. Isolates from infants fed with fructoselysine-rich formula were able to utilize fructoselysine, whereas those from infants fed with fructoselysine-poor breast milk were not. Conclusively, our results identify an inherent microbiome-driven self-healing mechanism, wherein bacterial evolution restores colonization resistance against enteric pathogens through evolved nutrient depletion. Understanding these evolutionary dynamics will inform microbiome-targeted approaches to prevent and treat infectious diseases by harnessing adaptive bacterial metabolism.