Déficience intellectuelle

Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior across conceptual, social, and practical domains. Global prevalence is estimated at approximately 1%, with marked disparities influenced by socioeconomic and healthcare contexts. ID arises from complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors, although most cases remain idiopathic despite extensive investigation. Clinical presentation is highly heterogeneous and frequently associated with neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and physical comorbidities, contributing to increased morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Diagnosis is based on an integrated assessment of intellectual and adaptive functioning using standardized instruments and targeted investigations. As ID is largely irreversible, management focuses on early identification, treatment of reversible causes when possible, and a multidisciplinary approach aimed at maximizing functional abilities, preventing complications, and improving overall quality of life.