Training Intensity and Extension Method Mix as Indicators of Capacity Building in Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Agricultural extension effectiveness depends not only on outreach coverage but also on the intensity and diversity of capacity-building interventions. Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) implement multiple types of training programmes that differ in duration, target groups, and delivery methods. However, systematic assessments of training intensity and methodological mix remain limited, particularly at the section-wise level. This study analysed four years (2021–2024) of extension programme data from ICAR–KVK Baramulla, focusing on the Horticulture section. Data on short-term and long-term trainings, awareness programmes, lectures, and exposure visits were compiled from official records. The analysis revealed a clear predominance of short-duration trainings, mainly one- and two-day programmes, which supported frequent and wide farmer engagement. These were strategically complemented by select long-duration trainings of three and five days aimed at deeper skill development. Awareness programmes and lectures contributed substantially to mass outreach, while exposure visits served a specialised role by facilitating experiential and hands-on learning.The study faced certain challenges, including reliance on secondary institutional records and the absence of uniform indicators to measure learning outcomes across programme types. Despite these constraints, the analysis provides one of the few structured evaluations of training intensity and extension method diversity at the KVK level. The findings underline the importance of balancing programme duration with methodological diversity to enhance capacity building in horticulture-based farming systems. Such an approach can strengthen farmer preparedness, support technology adoption, and contribute to climate-resilient and sustainable horticultural development.