Human fluid Microbiota, Benefits and Associated Biohazards

Human life relies on fluids to transport various metabolites which include nutrients and wastes into and out of various organs and tissues. Consequently, body fluids are inhabited by various resident microorganisms depending on the state of health of a particular tissue or organ. Both commensal and pathogenic microorganisms have therefore been detected in various human fluids. This paper sought to review literature on their relevance; factors that affect their composition and expose potential biorisks associated with them. Published literature on breast milk, blood and stool; oral, vaginal and penile fluid microbiota revealed the presence of diverse bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea and viruses. Some of which are found in more than one body fluid. Their diversity is determined by factors such as age, gender, health condition, medication, geography and diet. A good number of these species are commensal and benefit the host in digestion, immunity and synthesis of micronutrients while others are pathogenic. Certain beneficial commensal bacteria especially Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium among other are used in the formulation of probiotics while some bacteriophages are used as biopharmaceuticals. On the other hand, pathogenic ones such as HIV and Ebola viruses pose health risks. Though a good number of these microorganisms were detected in these fluids, functional analyses are yet to be done on a majority of them. Maximizing beneficial effects while minimizing potential health risks require more information on these microorganisms and; therefore further research is recommended.