Review of the impact of cooling techniques on photovoltaic panel efficiency: Developments, effects, and challenges

The increasing demand for photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems has intensified research into improving system performance. High operating temperatures are a primary factor degrading PV cell efficiency, with electrical yield decreasing by approximately 0.3% to 0.5% for every 1°C increase in temperature. This study reviews passive, active, and hybrid cooling technologies to evaluate their effectiveness in enhancing system efficiency. Passive technologies (e.g., Phase Change Materials, natural convection) offer low-maintenance solutions but typically yield moderate temperature reductions of 10–15°C. Active cooling systems (e.g., forced air, water spraying) provide superior heat dissipation but require external power. Hybrid systems, which integrate these mechanisms, demonstrate the highest potential, with studies reporting surface temperature reductions of 18–26°C and electrical efficiency gains exceeding 10%. The review concludes that while hybrid systems offer optimal thermal management, future adoption relies on improving techno-economic viability and integrating intelligent control systems.