RNA in the Shadows: A Perspective of non-coding RNA on gene regulation in plants

Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized our knowledge of the transcriptome, leading to the discovery of multiple classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) across all kingdoms of life. While coding RNA mainly serves as a template for synthesis of protein, the ncRNAs carry out diverse regulatory functions and modulate gene expression at multiple stages mainly at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Recent advances in plant research have revealed the potential of ncRNAs in various cellular processes, which includes growth and developmental aspects, vegetative to floral meristem transition, gametogenesis and response to unescapable environment factors like biotic and abiotic stresses. Hence, studying the ncRNA biology, their mode of action and its interaction with the binding proteins, greatly enhance our understanding and help in crop improvement programs. Characterizing and leveraging the potential ncRNAs to specifically modulate plant gene expression, provides a significant scope for improving and enhancing desirable traits. This review highlights foundational aspects of ncRNA biology, including their biogenesis and the diverse regulatory role of several ncRNA classes and discusses the recent discoveries that emphasize their essential roles in plant development and stress resilience, giving insight into their applicability in modern agriculture.