Unveiling the antimicrobial potential of essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants against foodborne pathogens

This study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils (EOs) from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), basil (Ocimum basilicum), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and spearmint (Mentha spicata). Oxygenated monoterpenes were identified as the dominant compound class across all species, with the highest proportions in Mentha piperita (90.7%) and Mentha spicata (78.1%). Among individual compounds, 1,8-cineole was prominent, particularly in rosemary (29.7%) and sage (23.6%). Unique profiles were observed for linalool in basil (53.2%) and menthol in peppermint (50%), while carvone dominated in spearmint (65%). Antimicrobial assays showed that Mentha piperita exhibited the strongest activity, particularly against L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/mL. This activity is attributed to its high menthol content. In contrast, Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis exhibited limited or no activity against certain bacterial strains. E. coli O157:H7 NTCC12900 was identified as the most sensitive bacteria to the tested EOs, particularly peppermint and sage oils. These results highlight the promise of essential oils as natural antimicrobial agents. Their efficacy against foodborne pathogens suggests promising applications in food preservation. Incorporating EOs into packaging materials or directly into food products offers an innovative approach to extending shelf-life and ensuring safety. Such strategies align with the growing demand for sustainable, chemical-free preservation techniques.