Diagnostic and Therapeutic Innovations in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Urologic Oncology Review

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a biologically heterogeneous disease. In the recent past, the clinical management of RCC has been redefined by the new development of diagnostic imaging, molecular and genetic profiling. The following review attempts to provide the current events in diagnosing, risk stratification, and management of RCC through the lens of nephrology. A literature review was performed thoroughly with the emphasis on the developments in imaging modalities, molecular and genetic diagnostics, prognostic models, and novel therapeutic methods. Literary evidence of clinical trials, systematic reviews, and international guidelines was analyzed. The result showed that imaging and radiomics advances have enhanced the characterization of tumors and the assessment of risks associated with RCC, whereas molecular and genetic diagnostics have allowed a fine classification of the disease. The Therapeutic interventions, such as setting up targeted therapy, immunotherapy and minimally invasive surgery procedures, have taken a huge step forward in oncologic outcomes. The changes in the management of RCC over the years, the concept of advanced diagnostics, along with the modern modalities, have revolutionized the management process of this cancer. Oncologic efficacy should be offset with renal preservation by using multidisciplinary nephrology-centered approaches. Additional studies and fair practice of precision medicine is also essential to ensure better outcomes and life of patients with RCC.