The Impact of Islamic Civilization on Global Scientific Advancement: An Analytical Study - أثر الحضارة الإسلامية على التطور العلمي العالمي: دراسة تحليلية

Islamic civilization (8th to 15th centuries CE) played a pivotal role in preserving, synthesizing, and developing scientific knowledge. This paper examines the major contributions of Muslim scholars to mathematics, astronomy, medicine, veterinary medicine, optics, geography, agricultural sciences, and other fields; the institutional and philosophical foundations that supported these developments; and the mechanisms through which this scientific knowledge was transmitted to Europe and contributed to shaping the modern scientific process. Drawing on recent literature, this paper argues that Islamic civilization was not merely a transmitter but also an innovator and facilitator of scientific method and thought, laying the foundations for all modern science. The paper also examines how modern scholarship can best integrate these contributions into the broader history of science.