Supply Chain Risk Management for Sustainable and Resilient Operations:A Comprehensive Review and Strategic Framework in the Era of Industry 4.0-5.0

Global supply chains face increasingly complex, interdependent, and dynamic risks driven by sustainability pressures, climate change, geopolitical uncertainties, technological disruptions, and market volatility. Traditional risk management approaches—often reactive, fragmented, and siloed—are insufficient for multi-tier, digitally connected, and sustainability-driven networks, particularly as industries transition from the automation-focused Industry 4.0 paradigm to the human-centric, resilient, and sustainable Industry 5.0 era.This study develops a comprehensive Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) framework to enhance resilience, sustainability, and operational performance. A systematic review identifies critical gaps in current practices, including fragmented risk coverage, limited multi-tier visibility, and insufficient integration of sustainability, resilience, and advanced digital technologies for predictive and adaptive risk management.To address these gaps, the study proposes the Strategic Integrated Risk Assessment Framework (SIRAF), integrating sustainability, resilience, and digitalization via Industry 4.0 technologies and Industry 5.0 human-centric principles. SIRAF’s six interconnected modules provide end-to-end risk integration, real-time visibility, ESG alignment, dynamic risk assessment, human–technology collaboration, and organizational readiness. Operationalized through Lean Six Sigma DMAIC, the framework combines process improvement, predictive analytics, and human-centered decision-making to transform fragmented SCRM practices into proactive, resilient, and sustainable supply chain management.