Learning gains in green vocational training: Preliminary cross-country evidence from the IMR sector

This research note examines preliminary evidence on learning gains associated with a structured green vocational training programme implemented across five European countries in the Installation, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) sector. Using a pre–post self-assessment design, participants completed four modules covering sustainable materials, organizational sustainability practices, climate change mitigation, and green technologies. Learning outcomes were assessed across three dimensions: knowledge, competence, and skills. Descriptive analyses indicate consistent positive improvements across all modules. While the organizational sustainability module (Sustainable Materials and Resources) displayed comparatively higher average gains, cross-module differences were not statistically confirmed and should be interpreted cautiously. The findings suggest that integrated digital and workplace-embedded green training may support competence development in vocational contexts. Further research employing larger samples, objective performance indicators, and advanced modelling techniques is required to clarify differential content effects and long-term transfer. The study offers exploratory insights relevant for both sustainability education and management-oriented workforce development. Article history: Received (February 26, 2026); Revised (March 26, 2026); Accepted (March 25, 2026); Published online (March 30, 2026)