DRUG DEVELOPMENT JOURNEY: FROM MANUFACTURING TO MODERN THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

Target identification, drug design, preclinical review, formulation, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and market access are all steps in the intricate, interdisciplinary process of developing new pharmaceuticals. Drug discovery has hastened thanks to developments in computer modeling, high-throughput screening, and artificial intelligence, which have made it possible to quickly identify and optimize lead compounds. Bioavailability, effectiveness, and patient compliance are improved by novel drug delivery methods such as nanoparticles, self-nanoemulsifying formulations, and 3D-printed dosage forms. To increase translational success, clinical development is placing a greater emphasis on patient-centric strategies, pharmacogenomics, and adaptive trial designs. Globally, safe, affordable, and fair access to treatments is guided by regulatory frameworks, intellectual property tactics, and pharmacoeconomic concerns. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as mRNA therapies, gene therapy, and nanomedicine are altering the landscape of precision medicine. This review offers a thorough overview of the drug development process, showcases cutting-edge therapeutic strategies, and addresses present issues and potential solutions for converting scientific discoveries into medicines that are accessible, safe, and effective.