The development of methods for the non-destructive structural analysis of archaeological sites, geological formations and individual cultural heritage objects using radiography and muon tomography

The article discusses the application of radiography and muon tomography in the study of archaeological sites, geological formations and cultural heritage objects. It explains how muons – naturally occurring cosmic particles with the capability to penetrate thick materials – enable the non-destructive analysis of internal structures. The article highlights the wide range of applications of these methods, including the study of the pyramids at Giza and Teotihuacán, the analysis of volcanoes, the monitoring of the structural stability of historic buildings, and the study of smaller cultural artefacts. The text emphasizes that muon imaging, as a non-invasive method, provides high spatial precision and valuable information, perfectly complements other techniques, and works well in difficult conditions. Muon radiography and tomography are promising tools for the future protection of cultural heritage and archaeological research.