Genética forense y criminología: alcances, límites y desafíos del ADN en la investigación criminal y la justicia penal

Forensic genetics has become a relevant scientific tool within the field of forensic sciences, exerting a significant impact on both criminal and civil investigations in contemporary justice systems. DNA analysis has transformed processes of identification and the reconstruction of criminal events, acquiring high evidentiary value in judicial contexts. However, its increasing centrality has also raised concerns related to interpretation, uncritical use, and potential ethical and criminological implications.The aim of this article is to critically examine the evolution and application of forensic genetics from a criminological perspective, beyond its technical effectiveness. To this end, a qualitative and non-experimental methodology was employed, based on a systematic review of recent scientific literature and a doctrinal analysis of specialized academic text. The results indicate that forensic DNA does not constitute a self-sufficient or definitive form of evidence; rather, its probative value depends on interpretative processes and specific institutional contexts. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to promote a more reflective, contextualized, and responsible use of genetic evidence in criminal investigation and the administration of criminal justice.