Physiological Dysregulation of Enzymatic, Hormonal, and Antioxidant Markers in Acute and Chronic Kidney-Damaged Rats Due to Folic Acid Toxicity

The study aimed to examine experimental evaluation of various physiological markers (enzymes, hormones, and antioxidants) in acutely and chronically-induced renal damage in rats with investigation of the role of honey-bee venom in ameliorating these impacts. Totally, 50 adult male rats, were purchased, acclimated for one week, and divided equally and randomly into five groups; NC (no renal damage, no honey-bee venom therapy), PC (chronic renal damage, no honey-bee venom therapy), EG1 (acute renal damage, honey-bee venom therapy), EG2 (chronic renal damage, honey-bee venom therapy), and ThG (no renal damage, honey-bee venom therapy). Quantitative ELISAs were utilized to measure the targeted physiological markers including six enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST, ARSG, NAG, and GGT), two hormones (CAL and EPO), and three antioxidants (GPX, CAT, and SOD). In comparison with values of NC and ThG, the findings of PC, EG1 and EG2 were shown a significant variation in their values. Concerning enzymes, values of serum ALP and GGT were elevated significantly in PC, EG1, and EG2; while, values of ALT and NAG were increased significantly in PC and EG2. In contrast, the levels of serum ARSG and AST were decreased significantly in rats of PC, EG1 and EG2. For hormones, the serum levels of CAL and EPO showed a significant reduction in their values among rats of PC, EG1 and EG2. Relation to antioxidants, the serum levels of GPX and CAT were lowered significantly in PC, EG1 and EG2; however, values of SOD were decreased significantly in PC and EG1 but elevated markedly in rats of EG2.