ATUALIDADES SOBRE HEPATITE B: UMA REVISÃO DA EVIDÊNCIA CIENTÍFICA

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hepatitis B is a highly transmissible viral infection spread through blood and bodily fluids, responsible for wide global dissemination and a high rate of chronicity, which increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is estimated that two billion people have been exposed to the virus, with significant transmission occurring through sexual, vertical, and horizontal routes, especially among HBeAg-positive pregnant women. Given its epidemiological magnitude and clinical complexity, consolidating recent scientific knowledge is essential to improve diagnosis, treatment, and health management. Objective: To compile and critically analyze current evidence related to diagnosis, clinical management, and therapeutic strategies, in order to evaluate their effectiveness and relevance for improving healthcare delivery. Methodology: A literature review was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO databases, including case reports and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2025. Primary outcomes evaluated included diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches, and clinical outcomes. Results: Early detection of hepatitis B remains essential to reduce underdiagnosis and guide timely interventions, requiring expanded diagnostic protocols and combined use of serological and molecular markers. Current therapies, such as entecavir and tenofovir, demonstrate high efficacy in viral suppression, although they rely on continuous adherence and adequate access to healthcare services. Clinical progression is influenced by biological and social factors, with higher risk of progression in perinatal infections and in regions with low vaccination coverage, reinforcing the need for individualized monitoring. Conclusion: Hepatitis B remains a global challenge due to its high prevalence, persistent transmission, and the impact of chronic complications, requiring timely diagnosis and accurate interpretation of serological and molecular markers. Despite the effectiveness of nucleoside analogues in viral suppression, limitations related to access, adherence, and lack of curative therapies highlight the importance of critically reviewing current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Hepatitis B; Epidemiology; Diagnosis; Antiviral Agents; Public Health