DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL ENTRE CONVULSÃO FEBRIL E MENINGOENCEFALITE NA PEDIATRIA: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Distinguishing febrile seizures from meningoencephalitis in children is a common clinical challenge, especially during the first hours of presentation, when symptoms may overlap. This integrative review aimed to gather and analyze scientific evidence on clinical criteria, laboratory tests, neuroimaging, and biomarkers that assist in this differential diagnosis. Articles published in the last 10 years, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, including primary studies such as clinical trials, observational studies, and case series, were included, resulting in a final sample of eight studies. The findings showed that combining detailed clinical assessment, early EEG, serum biomarkers (such as neuron-specific enolase), and neuroimaging improves diagnostic accuracy and allows early identification of children at risk of encephalopathy. Warning signs, such as prolonged seizure duration, focal abnormalities, and incomplete neurological recovery, should guide additional investigations, including lumbar puncture and continuous follow-up. Normal results on initial exams do not exclude encephalopathy, emphasizing the need for clinical monitoring and repeated testing when necessary. Limitations of the studies include heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and lack of standardization in biomarkers and EEG interpretation. Future research should focus on larger samples, standardized protocols, and integrated diagnostic strategies to enhance early detection, reduce complications, and provide practical guidance for the management of children with convulsive episodes.