A comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal plants of lower himalayan regions with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic potential

Background: The Himalayan region is globally recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, harboring a broad spectrum of medicinal plant species with significant therapeutic potential. Ethnomedicinal practices in this region have long guided traditional healthcare systems, yet many indigenous species remain underexplored for their pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of ethnomedicinal plants from the lower Himalayan regions with reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties, highlighting their phytochemical composition and therapeutic relevance. Methodology: An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted involving 133 informants, including 20 traditional healers, through semi-structured interviews, participatory group discussions, and in-field observations. Plant identification was confirmed using photographic records and, when possible, direct verification in natural habitats. Relevant literature was also synthesised to contextualise traditional claims within existing pharmacological evidence. Results and Discussion: A total of 90 plant species were documented, many of which are traditionally used to manage chronic inflammatory conditions, oxidative stress, and diabetes. These species are rich in pharmacologically active constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and proanthocyanidins, which modulate key biochemical pathways associated with inflammation, oxidative damage, and glucose regulation. Despite consistent ethnomedicinal use, scientific validation of most species remains limited, underscoring the need for bioactivity-guided isolation, phytochemical standardization, and preclinical-to-clinical evaluation. Conclusion: Lower Himalayan ethnoflora represents a valuable reservoir of pharmacologically significant plants with promising therapeutic applications. Bridging traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological research can enable drug discovery and development of novel phytotherapeutics targeting prevalent chronic diseases.