The Biofilm World: Structure, Formation, and Impact

A biofilm is a structured community of microorganisms embedded within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms adhere to a wide range of surfaces, and the resident microbes communicate to coordinate growth and defense against external threats, including antimicrobial agents. In natural environments, biofilms contribute to water purification by attaching to substrates such as river rocks. Conversely, biofilms formed by pathogenic microorganisms utilize the EPS layer to evade host immune responses, complicating their removal. In industrial settings, biofilm accumulation can reduce productivity, while the shipping industry faces significant challenges from biofouling caused by biofilm layers. This review examines the historical development of biofilm research, mechanisms of biofilm formation, underlying molecular biology, and current strategies for biofilm control and removal.