Anthrax in the One Health Context: Antimicrobial Resistance and Challenges in the Control of Bacillus anthracis

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium with high environmental persistence, posing a significant challenge to animal, human, and environmental health. Although B. anthracis has traditionally been considered susceptible to antimicrobials used for treatment and prophylaxis, scientific evidence indicates that resistance may develop under selective pressure. This study aimed to analyze anthrax within a One Health framework, with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance and challenges for disease control. A narrative bibliographic review was conducted, guided by PRISMA 2020 principles, including scientific studies and technical reports published between 1990 and 2025. The findings indicate that antimicrobial resistance remains rare under natural conditions but represents a potential emerging risk. It is concluded that integrated strategies involving vaccination, epidemiological surveillance, and rational antimicrobial use are essential for the sustainable control of anthrax.