Early detection of neurodevelopmental disorders: Current evidence on ADHD and ASD

This study is an integrative literature review evaluating the role of pediatricians in the early detection of signs of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders in preschool- and school-aged children. Recent evidence indicates a growing prevalence of these conditions and highlights that early manifestations are often subtle and underrecognized in primary care. A PubMed-based search identified four eligible studies. Findings show that longitudinal and multi-stage screening strategies provide greater diagnostic accuracy than single assessments. Pediatricians play a pivotal role in continuous developmental surveillance, early screening, and appropriate referral. However, significant barriers remain, including limited standardized tools, insufficient training, and inequalities in access to diagnosis, particularly among girls. The review underscores the importance of strengthening pediatric training and implementing validated screening instruments to promote timely interventions and improve children’s academic, social, and emotional outcomes.