Thyroid disorders in clinical practice: Literature review

Thyroid disorders are among the most prevalent endocrinopathies in clinical practice, presenting a wide range of manifestations and a significant impact on public health. This literature review aims to synthesize the main pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of thyroid dysfunctions, with an emphasis on clinical applicability. The physiological basis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis was addressed, as it is fundamental for understanding the hormonal alterations observed in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, both in their clinical and subclinical forms. The main etiologies, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic strategies were discussed, including hormone replacement therapy, the use of antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgical approaches. Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer were also analyzed, highlighting risk stratification criteria, diagnostic methods such as ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy, as well as treatment and follow-up options. Specific considerations regarding special populations, such as pregnant women, older adults, and children, were included due to the diagnostic and therapeutic particularities in these groups. Finally, current controversies were discussed, such as the management of subclinical hypothyroidism and population screening, emphasizing the importance of individualized medical decision-making. It is concluded that early diagnosis and appropriate management of thyroid disorders are essential to reduce complications and optimize clinical outcomes.