Clinical presentation and diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by ulcerative lesions in the gastric and duodenal mucosa resulting from an imbalance between aggressive factors, such as gastric acid and pepsin, and protective mechanisms of the mucosal barrier. Despite a decline in its global incidence, PUD remains a significant public health concern due to its association with morbidity, hospitalizations, and potentially life-threatening complications. This study aims to describe the clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches of peptic ulcer disease, emphasizing their relevance to early detection and appropriate management. This literature review was based on the analysis of scientific publications addressing the clinical manifestations, etiological factors, and diagnostic strategies of PUD. The disease presents with variable symptoms, most commonly epigastric burning pain related to food intake, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension. Elderly patients may present atypically or remain asymptomatic, which can delay diagnosis. Alarm signs such as hematemesis, melena, unexplained weight loss, and anemia indicate the need for urgent investigation. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, allowing direct visualization of lesions and biopsy for malignancy exclusion. Early recognition and appropriate diagnostic evaluation are essential to prevent complications such as bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction, thereby improving patient outcomes and quality of life.