Species rarity or sampling bias? Assessing knowledge gaps in the distribution of Mesochelidura bolivari (Dubrony, 1878) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) using Species Distribution Models

Many species, especially insects, are considered rare or restricted to a few geographical areas. However, this perception is not usually accurate and is typically influenced by taxonomic and geographic biases that hinder their detection and limit our understanding of their actual distribution. This phenomenon, known as the Wallacean shortfall, represents one of the main barriers to biodiversity research and conservation. This study evaluates how targeted field surveys and the revision of entomological museum collections can contribute to redefining the known distribution (until now based on bibliographic data) of Mesochelidura bolivari, a species of earwig endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. To achieve this, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were applied using different datasets, with the aim of assessing how the predicted geographical distribution varies. This work highlights not only the usefulness of SDMs in estimating potential distribution areas, but also the crucial role of systematic sampling in the study of poorly detected species, as a key tool for overcoming data deficiencies that hinder effective biodiversity research and conservation planning.