Mechanisms of the influence of environmental stress on the nervous system

This review article examines the impact of environmental stress on the development of the nervous system from the perspective of modern interdisciplinary research. Key mechanisms of stress-induced effects on neurodevelopment are analyzed, as well as critical periods of ontogenesis characterized by increased vulnerability of the nervous system. Particular attention is paid to the role of socioeconomic status as a factor in cumulative stress load and the family environment as a risk modifier that can both amplify and mitigate the adverse effects of environmental exposures. It is shown that considering the interaction of biological, social, and family determinants is fundamental for assessing the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and developing preventive strategies.