Study of the problem of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains one of the most significant challenges in global tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly among people living with HIV (PLHIV). HIV infection dramatically increases the risk of reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. This article presents a comprehensive review and analytical assessment of the epidemiology, immunopathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, preventive therapy, and public health implications of LTBI in HIV-infected individuals. Special attention is given to immunological mechanisms underlying reactivation, limitations of tuberculin skin testing (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in immunocompromised populations, and current WHO recommendations for tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). The study highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic tools, integrated TB-HIV programs, and personalized preventive approaches to reduce TB incidence among PLHIV. Strengthening LTBI screening and preventive treatment strategies remains critical to achieving global TB elimination goals