CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF KIDNEY STONES, MECHANISMS OF THEIR FORMATION AND STUDY BASED ON SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

This research paper reviews the chemical composition of kidney stones, their formation mechanisms, and their detection using modern spectral analysis methods. Kidney stones are a common pathophysiological condition in urology that significantly impacts human health. Studies have shown that the chemical composition of stones is directly related to their formation mechanisms and pathogenesis (Coe et al., 2016; Khan, 2014). The article analyzes the ratio of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, urate, struvite, and cystine in kidney stones, and their relationship with metabolic processes, pH balance, and water and salt metabolism in the body. The article also discusses the possibilities of detecting kidney stones and determining their chemical composition using modern analytical methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectral analysis (FTIR), atomic emission spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These approaches are characterized by high accuracy and rapid results in determining the composition of stones. According to the results of the article , the study of the chemical and morphological characteristics of kidney stones allows us to understand the mechanisms of their formation and develop prevention and individual treatment strategies. The article is a scientific basis for research in modern urology and bioanalytical chemistry, allowing for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological processes associated with kidney stones and their application in clinical practice.