Scruitinizing the Effects of Microplastic (Polyethylene) on Minerals and Liver Enzyme Profile Of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Purpose: This study investigates the effects of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) on the mineral (electrolyte) profile specifically sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl⁻) and on the liver enzymes including creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH of Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Method: Using controlled laboratory conditions, carp were exposed to three different concentrations of PE-MPs (5, 25, and 50 mg/L) over two-time intervals (7 and 14 days), simulating acute and sub-chronic exposure. Results: The data revealed dose- and time-dependent alterations in both key serum enzymes (ALT and LDH), indicative of hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress, and in electrolyte levels. The data showed significant ionic imbalance, notably a consistent drop in potassium, alongside variable changes in sodium and chloride associated with enzyme patterns suggesting muscle necrosis (from declining CPK) and hepatic exhaustion (from a complex ALP response). These findings support the hypothesis that microplastics, especially those chemically modified, possess strong bio-interactive capabilities that can disrupt cellular and physiological homeostasis in aquatic organisms. Also demonstrated that even osmoregulatory short-term exposure to PE-MPs can disturb ionic homeostasis in fish, potentially impairing function and overall metabolic health. Conclusion: This research contributes vital insight to freshwater ecotoxicology by demonstrating the compounded toxicity of functionalized plastic particles, thereby extending previous findings. Consequently, the study underscores the urgent need for mitigation measures and calls for further exploration into the sub-lethal effects on ecosystems, aquaculture, and human food safety.