ADVANCES IN HAMMING MATRIX SPECTRA: THEORETICAL BOUNDS AND MATLAB-BASED ANALYSIS

This study presents a refined Hamming matrix for a simple graph . It is constructed by assigning the Hamming distance between the degree-based representations of each pair of distinct vertices. The Hamming energy is defined as the sum of the absolute eigenvalues of . We have developed a MATLAB framework to generate , determine its spectral properties, and evaluate . We also establish new limits for both the spectral radius and the Hamming energy based on the first Zagreb index. To demonstrate the usefulness of this descriptor, we conduct a QSPR analysis on a set of COVID-19 therapeutic molecules. This analysis shows significant correlations between molecular properties and their corresponding Hamming energy values.