Redes de área amplia inalámbricas (wwan): de los fundamentos a la conectividad del futuro

This article comprehensively addresses Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs), which are fundamental to current connectivity and global digital development. A WWAN is a communications network that spans large distances using radio waves to transmit data between devices and base stations, providing ubiquitous access to digital services. The paper describes the technological evolution from the fourth generation (4G LTE), which improved mobile broadband, to the fifth generation (5G), which enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-like communications (mMTC) for diverse applications. Complementary technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT), LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT are also mentioned. Finally, the article addresses current and future challenges for WWANs, including security, privacy, spectrum management, energy consumption, interoperability, standardization, the persistent digital divide in underserved areas, and the need for investment and public policies to ensure universal connectivity.