An Analysis of the Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Honey Yield per Hive among Migratory Beekeepers in District Karak, Pakistan

This study analyzes the socioeconomic determinants of honey production among migratory beekeepers in District Karak, Pakistan, using descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation. The results show that the average per-beehive honey production in Pakistan is approximately 10 kg, indicating low productivity. Climate change–induced uncertainties, particularly unpredictable rainfall and damage to flowers during the berry blossom period (mid-September to mid-October), discourage beekeepers from utilizing multiple floral seasons. Moreover, deforestation and declining availability of nectar-producing trees further constrain honey production. The OLS results revealed that education and experience of beekeepers, previous year honey production, number of seasons availed, and number of beehives per beekeeper owner are significantly affecting honey production, access to credit, previous year selling price of honey, and other source(s) of income of beekeepers are found insignificant. Policies designed to enable the beekeepers to avail different honey production seasons are positively correlated with the honey production. It will also increase the crop production through the externality effect of pollination services.