Association between temporomandibular disorder (TMD) signs and symptoms and level of anxiety and depression among students of Malaysia: A cross-sectional study

Background: The aim of this study was to determine if there is an association between prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) signs and symptoms and level of anxietyand depression among students in Malaysia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 435 medical and dental students using the Fonseca Anamnestic Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Results: A total of 435 students participated in the questionnaire. Among them, 34.3% revealed mild, 13.1% moderate, and 1.4% severe signs and symptoms of TMD. Additionally, 24.8% showed borderline abnormal level of anxiety, 16.8% exhibited abnormal level of anxiety, 15.9% had borderline abnormal level of depression, and 6.9% demonstrated abnormal level of depression. Fisher’s exact test revealed statistically significant associationsbetween TMD signs and symptoms and both anxiety (p