Cultural Integration in English Language Curricula: A Comparative Study of Turkey and Iran High School Materials

The relationship between language and culture is critical in English Language Teaching (ELT), especially in non-native contexts where English is a foreign language. Language and culture are two inseparable aspects of human life and thus the inclusion of cultural components throughout a language learning process is something indispensable (Yaman, 2017). This study looked into the treatment of culture integrated in the ELT curricula and materials within Turkey and Iran. These are two neighbouring countries characterized with different yet distinct socio-political and educational contexts. By comparing curriculum documents and teaching materials this research examined the inclusion of local cultures, global cultures, and the culture of the target language in English education. An exploration of the similarities and differences in approaches to culture integration will thus illuminate effective pathways for cultural identity within intercultural competence. The results will inform curriculum developers and policymakers on the need for a cultural balance in English education.