How Big is the Effect of Augmented Reality (AR) on Understanding Sports Concepts?: A Meta-Analysis Study

This study aims to examine the effect of Augmented Reality (AR) technology on the understanding of sports concepts through a meta-analysis method. The background is based on the challenges of teaching abstract concepts in physical education that are less effective with conventional approaches, as well as the potential of AR as an interactive learning innovation and visualization of complex concepts. This type of research is a quantitative meta-analysis that collects and analyzes data from relevant experimental studies. The study population includes Indonesian-language scientific articles published between 2020-2025 and using AR variables and understanding of sports concepts, with a sample of five studies selected through inclusion criteria. The data collection instrument used CMA software version 3.7 and data analysis was carried out by testing for heterogeneity, publication bias, and calculating the Hedges's g effect size. The results show that the overall effect of AR use on understanding of sports concepts is moderate (effect size = 0.773). In conclusion, AR has a significant positive influence in improving understanding of sports concepts, supporting the application of innovative technology in physical education.