Integrated Ecological Strategies for the Management of Fruit Flies (Bactrocera dorslis spp.) in Citrus Agroecosystems

Fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis spp.) represent one of the most destructive pest complexes in citrus agroecosystems, causing severe yield losses, quality deterioration, and restrictions on international market access. Their polyphagous nature, high reproductive potential, and strong adaptability make management particularly challenging under tropical and subtropical conditions. Excessive reliance on synthetic insecticides has led to environmental contamination, disruption of natural enemies, pesticide resistance, and food safety concerns, necessitating the adoption of sustainable alternatives. This review synthesizes integrated ecological strategies for the effective management of fruit flies in citrus production systems, with an emphasis on reducing chemical dependence while maintaining effective pest suppression. The paper examines the biology, ecology, population dynamics, and damage mechanisms of Bactrocera spp., highlighting key drivers influencing infestation patterns. A comprehensive evaluation of cultural, mechanical, biological, behavioural, host plant–based, and environmentally sound chemical control measures is presented within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework. Particular attention is given to orchard sanitation, protein bait sprays, male annihilation techniques, biological control agents, botanical extracts, sterile insect technique (SIT), and decision-support tools enabled by digital agriculture. The integration of methyl eugenol traps, burial of infested fruits, and selective use of botanicals such as Azadirachta indica and Citrullus colocynthis during peak pest activity is highlighted as an effective and eco-friendly approach. Additionally, the role of monitoring systems, landscape-level management, and farmer adoption in achieving long-term pest suppression is discussed. Overall, the review underscores that no single method is sufficient for fruit fly control; rather, coordinated, area-wide, and ecologically based IPM strategies are essential for sustainable citrus production, environmental protection, and compliance with export-quality standards.