miR-150-5p at the Interface of Cancer Biology and Immune Regulation: Dual Roles, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and play crucial roles in cancer biology and immune function. Among them, miR-150-5p has emerged as a key regulator with complex, context-dependent roles in both tumorigenesis and immune cell differentiation. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on miR-150-5p, highlighting its dual function as a tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on cancer type and cellular context. We examine its involvement in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, detailing the molecular mechanisms through which it influences proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated miR-150-5p as a modulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including its impact on angiogenesis, immune evasion, and intercellular communication. We further explore miR-150-5p's regulation of key immune cell subsets-such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and natural killer cells-and its implications for anti-tumor immunity. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential and challenges of targeting miR-150-5p, including delivery barriers, off-target effects, and opportunities for personalized medicine. By integrating recent findings, this review underscores miR-150-5p's value as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in cancer immunology.