Non-canonical amino acid incorporation enables minimally disruptive labeling of stress granule and TDP-43 proteinopathy

We report a minimally disruptive labeling strategy for stress granule protein G3BP1 and ALS-linked protein TDP-43 using the fluorescent noncanonical amino acid Anap. By integrating genetic code expansion with rational site selection, we achieved precise incorporation of Anap that preserves protein structure and function. In live cells and neurons, Anap labeling faithfully recapitulated localization, stress-induced dynamics, and recovery behavior, outperforming conventional fluorescent tags and enabling physiologically relevant visualization of protein pathobiology.