Intravital calcium imaging of meningeal macrophages reveals niche-specific dynamics and aberrant responses to brain hyperexcitability

The meninges, which envelop and protect the brain, host a dense network of resident macrophages with diverse roles in regulating homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Despite their importance, we have a limited understanding of their behavior in vivo. Many dynamic cellular functions of macrophages involve intracellular Ca 2+ signaling. However, virtually nothing is known about the spatiotemporal Ca 2+ dynamics of meningeal macrophages in vivo. We developed a chronic intravital two-photon imaging approach and related computational analysis tools to interrogate meningeal macrophage Ca 2+ dynamics, at subcellular resolution, in a novel Pf4-Cre:Ai162 conditional GCaMP6s reporter mouse model. Using imaging in awake mice, we characterized Ca 2+ activity in meningeal macrophages at steady state and in response to cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), an aberrant pro-inflammatory brain hyperexcitability event implicated in migraine, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. In homeostatic meninges, macrophages in the dural perivascular niche exhibited several Ca 2+ dynamic features, including event duration and signal frequency spectrum, distinct from those localized to the interstitial, non-perivascular niche. Simultaneous tracking of macrophage Ca 2+ dynamics and local vasomotion revealed a subset of dural perivascular macrophages whose activity was coupled to locomotion-driven diameter fluctuations of their associated vessels. Most perivascular and non-perivascular meningeal macrophages displayed propagating intracellular Ca 2+ activity and synchronized intercellular Ca 2+ elevations, potentially driven by extrinsic factors. In response to CSD, the majority of perivascular and non-perivascular meningeal macrophages showed a persistent decrease in Ca 2+ activity, while a smaller subset displayed Ca 2+ elevations. Mechanistically, calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling mediated the increase but not the decrease in CSD-mediated Ca 2+ signaling. Collectively, our results highlight a previously unknown diversity of Ca 2+ dynamics in meningeal macrophages at steady state and in response to an aberrant brain hyperexcitability event linked to neuroinflammation.