Gliosarcoma: A Case Series and Comprehensive Literature Review

Gliosarcoma represents an uncommon primary neoplasm of the central nervous system, distinguished by a biphasic histological architecture that combines glial and mesenchymal elements. In this report, we present three cases of intracranial tumors confirmed histopathologically as gliosarcoma, offering a comprehensive account of their clinical presentation, neuroimaging characteristics, and pathological features. The lesions involved different cerebral regions, specifically the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes, and manifested with a heterogeneous range of symptoms, including headache, focal motor weakness, and epileptic seizures. The series comprises two male patients and one female patient, aged 54, 51, and 63 years. All patients underwent surgical resection, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy with concurrent and/or adjuvant temozolomide. Despite multimodal treatment, disease progression occurred, consistent with the aggressive biological behavior of gliosarcoma, which is associated with a reported median overall survival of approximately 13-16 months. Through detailed analysis of each case, we highlight the key clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings, emphasizing their diagnostic value and the importance of integrating treatment and outcome data to contextualize prognosis in this rare tumor entity.