Analysis of GLS1 Gene Expression Levels in Stage 2 Grade B Periodontitis Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Ex-vivo Study

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a metabolic condition marked by hyperglycaemia and periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, are linked by similar pathophysiological pathways. Chronic hyperglycaemia deteriorates glycaemic control by weakening the host immune response and raising the risk of periodontal disease. Conversely, periodontal inflammation aggravates systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Since Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) is associated with the inflammatory processes in both diseases, the present study investigates the expression levels of GLS1 in patients with diabetes and periodontitis to establish a potential pathophysiological link between the two diseases. Aim: To assess and compare subgingival GLS1 gene expression among healthy individuals, patients with periodontitis and patients with both periodontitis and type 2 DM. Materials and Methods: A ex-vivo study was conducted at Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Technical and Medical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from June 2024 to July 2024. A total of 30 participants aged over 18 years with Stage 2 grade B periodontitis and stable glycaemic control {Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)